How to Determine a Reliable Source on the Internet

Step by step instructions to Determine a Reliable Source on the Internet It very well may be disappointing to lead online exploration since web sources can be very questionable. In the event that you locate an online article that gives applicable data to your exploration subject, you should take care to research the source to ensure it is legitimate and dependable. This is a basic advance in keeping up sound exploration morals. It is your duty as an analyst to discover and utilize reliable sources. Strategies to Investigate Your Source Explore the Author As a rule, you should avoid web data that doesnt give the name of a creator. While the data contained in the article might be valid, it is progressively hard to approve data in the event that you dont know the certifications of the writer. On the off chance that the creator is named,â find their site to: Check instructive creditsDiscover if the author is distributed in an academic journalSee if the essayist has distributed a book from a college pressVerify that the essayist is utilized by an examination foundation or college Watch the URL On the off chance that the data is connected to an association, attempt to decide the unwavering quality of the supporting association. One tip is the URL finishing. On the off chance that the site name closes with .edu, it is in all probability an instructive establishment. All things considered, you ought to know about political inclination. In the event that a webpage finishes in .gov, it is probably a solid government site. Government locales are normally acceptable hotspots for insights and target reports. Locales that end in .organization are generally non-benefit associations. They can be generally excellent sources or extremely poor sources, so youll need to take care to explore their potential plans or political predispositions in the event that they exist. For example, collegeboard.org is the association that gives the SAT and different tests. You can discover important data, insights, and counsel on that site. PBS.org is a non-benefit association that gives instructive open communicates. It gives an abundance of value articles on its site. Different locales with the .organization finishing are promotion bunches that are profoundly political. While it is altogether conceivable to discover dependable data from a site like this,â be aware of the political inclination and recognize this in your work. Online Journals and Magazines A trustworthy diary or magazine ought to contain a book index for each article. The rundown of sources inside that book reference ought to be really broad, and it ought to incorporate insightful non-Internet sources. Check for insights and information inside the article to back up the cases made by the writer. Does the essayist give proof to help his announcements? Search for references of ongoing investigations, maybe with commentaries and check whether there are essential statements from other pertinent specialists in the field. News Sources ï » ¿Every TV and print news source has a site. Somewhat, you can depend on the most believed news sources, for example, CNN and the BBC, yet you ought not depend on them solely. All things considered, system and link news stations are associated with amusement. Consider them a venturing stone to increasingly dependable sources.

PERSPECTIVES ON EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOUR Case Study

Viewpoints ON EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP Behavior - Case Study Example Despite the fact that a survey is a suitable research device to quantify initiative conduct and its effect on the association, it has constraints. These constraints incorporate reaction inclination, which includes generalizations or partiality appeared toward the pioneer by the respondents that can mutilate results. There may likewise be social standards that exist inside the hierarchical culture that have set up a pioneer is successful despite the fact that such powerful practices have not been watched by and by respondents. In this manner, the respondents may give data inside the poll design that they accept will fulfill these social standards about the pioneer. There may even be issues with dependability with the exploration instrument, the poll, that isn't created with questions that precisely measure what is proposed to be comprehended. Causality is characterized as a circumstances and logical results wonder where circumstance x happens as an immediate aftereffect of exercises c oming from circumstance y. When estimating initiative, causality may be whether administration conduct x directly affects worker inspiration y. Think about the accompanying: An authoritative pioneer is utilizing a poll organization to decide if inspiration is in effect adversely influenced by ill-advised initiative. Connections are being looked for comparable to the respondent data came back from the examination instruments.

Understanding Neurons Role in the Nervous System

Understanding Neurons Role in the Nervous System Theories Biological Psychology Print Neurons and Their Role in the Nervous System By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 02, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 16, 2019 Science Photo Library - KTSDESIGN/Getty Images More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Neuron Structure Action Potentials Synapses Types of Neurotransmitters View All Back To Top A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are similar to other cells in the human body in a number of ways, but there is one key difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body. These highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms. There are also several different types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human body. Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptor cells throughout the body to the brain. Motor neurons transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body. Interneurons are responsible for communicating information between different neurons in the body. Neurons vs. Other Cells Similarities Between Neurons and Other Body Cells Neurons and other body cells both contain a nucleus that holds genetic information. Neurons and other body cells are surrounded by a membrane that protects the cell. The cell bodies of both cell types contain organelles that support the life of the cell, including mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and cytoplasm. Differences That Make Neurons Unique Neurons stop reproducing shortly after birth. Generally, when neurons die they are not replaced, although neurogenesis, or the formation of new nerve cells, does occur in some parts of the brain. Research has shown that new connections between neurons form throughout life. Neurons have a membrane featuring an axon and dendrites, specialized structures designed to transmit and receive information. Neurons release chemicals known as neurotransmitters into synapses, or the connections between cells, to communicate with other neurons. The Structure of a Neuron There are three basic parts of a neuron: the dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. However, all neurons vary somewhat in size, shape, and characteristics depending on the function and role of the neuron. Some neurons have few dendritic branches, while others are highly branched in order to receive a great deal of information. Some neurons have short axons, while others can be quite long. The longest axon in the human body extends from the bottom of the spine to the big toe and averages a length of approximately three feet! Action Potentials How do neurons transmit and receive information? In order for neurons to communicate, they need to transmit information both within the neuron and from one neuron to the next. This process utilizes both electrical signals as well as chemical messengers. The dendrites of neurons receive information from sensory receptors or other neurons. This information is then passed down to the cell body and on to the axon. Once the information has arrived at the axon, it travels down the length of the axon in the form of an electrical signal known as an action potential. What Happens Before, During, and After an Action Potential? Communication Between Synapses Once an electrical impulse has reached the end of an axon, the information must be transmitted across the synaptic gap to the dendrites of the adjoining neuron. In some cases, the electrical signal can almost instantaneously bridge the gap between the neurons and continue along its path. In other cases, neurotransmitters are needed to send the information from one neuron to the next. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from the axon terminals to cross the synaptic gap and reach the receptor sites of other neurons. In a process known as reuptake, these neurotransmitters attach to the receptor site and are reabsorbed by the neuron to be reused. Types of Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are an essential part of our everyday functioning. While it is not known exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, scientists have identified more than 100 of these chemical messengers. The following are just a few of the major neurotransmitters, their known effects, and disorders they are associated with. Acetylcholine: Associated with memory, muscle contractions, and learning. A lack of acetylcholine in the brain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Endorphins: Associated with emotions and pain perception. The body releases endorphins in response to fear or trauma. These chemical messengers are similar to opiate drugs such as morphine but are significantly stronger. Dopamine: Associated with thought and pleasurable feelings. Parkinson’s disease is one illness associated with deficits in dopamine. Doctors may prescribe medications that can increase dopamine activity in the brain. One category is dopamine agonists, which mimic the effects of dopamine. Another type of agent is levodopa, which is converted into dopamine in the brain. They each carry their own relative benefits and side effects. Researchers also have found strong links between schizophrenia and excessive amounts of dopamine in certain parts of the brain.   The Chemistry of Depression: Neurotransmitters and More

Understanding Neurons Role in the Nervous System

Understanding Neurons Role in the Nervous System Theories Biological Psychology Print Neurons and Their Role in the Nervous System By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 02, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 16, 2019 Science Photo Library - KTSDESIGN/Getty Images More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Neuron Structure Action Potentials Synapses Types of Neurotransmitters View All Back To Top A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are similar to other cells in the human body in a number of ways, but there is one key difference between neurons and other cells. Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the body. These highly specialized nerve cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical forms. There are also several different types of neurons responsible for different tasks in the human body. Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptor cells throughout the body to the brain. Motor neurons transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body. Interneurons are responsible for communicating information between different neurons in the body. Neurons vs. Other Cells Similarities Between Neurons and Other Body Cells Neurons and other body cells both contain a nucleus that holds genetic information. Neurons and other body cells are surrounded by a membrane that protects the cell. The cell bodies of both cell types contain organelles that support the life of the cell, including mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and cytoplasm. Differences That Make Neurons Unique Neurons stop reproducing shortly after birth. Generally, when neurons die they are not replaced, although neurogenesis, or the formation of new nerve cells, does occur in some parts of the brain. Research has shown that new connections between neurons form throughout life. Neurons have a membrane featuring an axon and dendrites, specialized structures designed to transmit and receive information. Neurons release chemicals known as neurotransmitters into synapses, or the connections between cells, to communicate with other neurons. The Structure of a Neuron There are three basic parts of a neuron: the dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. However, all neurons vary somewhat in size, shape, and characteristics depending on the function and role of the neuron. Some neurons have few dendritic branches, while others are highly branched in order to receive a great deal of information. Some neurons have short axons, while others can be quite long. The longest axon in the human body extends from the bottom of the spine to the big toe and averages a length of approximately three feet! Action Potentials How do neurons transmit and receive information? In order for neurons to communicate, they need to transmit information both within the neuron and from one neuron to the next. This process utilizes both electrical signals as well as chemical messengers. The dendrites of neurons receive information from sensory receptors or other neurons. This information is then passed down to the cell body and on to the axon. Once the information has arrived at the axon, it travels down the length of the axon in the form of an electrical signal known as an action potential. What Happens Before, During, and After an Action Potential? Communication Between Synapses Once an electrical impulse has reached the end of an axon, the information must be transmitted across the synaptic gap to the dendrites of the adjoining neuron. In some cases, the electrical signal can almost instantaneously bridge the gap between the neurons and continue along its path. In other cases, neurotransmitters are needed to send the information from one neuron to the next. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that are released from the axon terminals to cross the synaptic gap and reach the receptor sites of other neurons. In a process known as reuptake, these neurotransmitters attach to the receptor site and are reabsorbed by the neuron to be reused. Types of Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are an essential part of our everyday functioning. While it is not known exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, scientists have identified more than 100 of these chemical messengers. The following are just a few of the major neurotransmitters, their known effects, and disorders they are associated with. Acetylcholine: Associated with memory, muscle contractions, and learning. A lack of acetylcholine in the brain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Endorphins: Associated with emotions and pain perception. The body releases endorphins in response to fear or trauma. These chemical messengers are similar to opiate drugs such as morphine but are significantly stronger. Dopamine: Associated with thought and pleasurable feelings. Parkinson’s disease is one illness associated with deficits in dopamine. Doctors may prescribe medications that can increase dopamine activity in the brain. One category is dopamine agonists, which mimic the effects of dopamine. Another type of agent is levodopa, which is converted into dopamine in the brain. They each carry their own relative benefits and side effects. Researchers also have found strong links between schizophrenia and excessive amounts of dopamine in certain parts of the brain.   The Chemistry of Depression: Neurotransmitters and More

How Can A Totalitarian Government Encourage Health,...

How can a totalitarian government encourage health, posterity and economic sustainability? In the fictional short story Harrison Bergeron, written by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. in 1961, there is no longer a democracy. The government has created a controlled lifestyle that makes everyone equal. By the year 2081, the governing official is referred to as The United States Handicap General. There have been restrictions put on the population to ensure complete and total equality. This includes, intelligence, physical appearance, strength and physical ability. â€Å"They weren t only equal before God and the law. They were equal every which way. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or†¦show more content†¦In the case of intelligence, a device is placed in their ear to pause the brain and hinder any higher-level thoughts. Painful sounds are released every twenty seconds to keep people from â€Å"taking unfair advantage of their brain.† (Vonnegut 1) The intellect of the Handicap General determines the baseline of what intelligence is allowed from anyone. In this case, there would be no way to educate. With the equality that is placed over everyone, there would be no possibility of higher level learning or a need for it. So how would a culture survive with no growth or expectancy of learning? There would be no justification for schools or secondary education. Everyone would have the same comprehension level. Other than understanding what is read, there is no use for reading except for pleasure or basic everyday function. No need for higher level mathematics or sciences. With only limited education in the science field, there would be no professionals in the medical or pharmaceutical profession. This means there would be no diagnosing of sickness, no way to prevent diseases, no antibiotics and no health advancements. Not having these necessities will allow for a rapid and dramatic decrease in population. Even the thought process of elementary first aid would be limited every twenty seconds. Hospitals would be non-existent. All trades would no longer exist. People who are skilled in repairing automobiles, construction

Genetic Engineering And Its Effects - 1592 Words

A future with no more disease, no more limitations to what we can or cannot do, the making of a superhuman, playing God. Scientists can now make humans better than ever by improving their bodies by changing the cells in your body. Genetic engineering can also prevent long-time diseases from continuing in a family and help treat many illnesses. Though it can help many issues, it brings up many problems if used improperly and often abused. Genetic engineering harbors more moral and ethical issues than having beneficial effects; however, the positive uses in specific situations should be acknowledged. Genetic history has been around for over a century now and began when Darwin first published the book The Origin of The Species which gave comprehensive information about breeding, the first step of genetic engineering. The next few decades after the first edition was published, scientists have been researching and doing studies on DNA and genetics and establishing what it does and how DNA looks like using a double helix and creating a genetic map to keep track of where all the chromosomes are and the order of them. Soon the first genetically modified DNA organism was done in 1974. Then the first genetically engineered mouse was done in the next couple of years in 1980. Soon they started the first gene therapy on humans in 1991 and is still continuing to this day (GM Education). Technology has now evolved to where people can replicate cells and clone an organism using DNA and thenShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering And Its Effects974 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess called genetic engin eering. What is this you ask? Genetic engineering is altering a person’s genes to get a more dominate trait. Some people believe that our world would better off if humans could be more intelligent, run faster, grow taller, and have more of a designer personality and physical appearance. For example, if a pregnant mother finds out her child is going to have Down Syndrome, genetic engineering canbe used to help fix the mutated gene. Although genetic engineering can fix minorRead MoreGenetic Engineering And Its Effects On Cancer Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pageshold the key to killing cancer. The ability for a virus to infect cancer cells has been documented as early as the 1900s. Recently scientists have been able to manipulate the genetic structure of viruses so we can use them to treat cancer safely. This recent breakthrough is known as genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is a new technology that allows scientists to reprogram viruses to infect and destroy cancer cells. Genetically modified viruses prove to be advantageous in treating cancer andRead MoreThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic engineering is a way in which specific genes for an animal or plant can be extracted, and reproduced to form a new animal or plant. These new organisms will express the required trait for that gene. This practice is a very controversial topic within the scientific world. It is being implemented in various areas such as agriculture even though there are many alternatives that can be found for genetic engineered crops, such as organic materials and reducing leeching of the soil. The controversyRead MoreThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Agribiotechnology is the study of making altered agricultural products. Agribusiness is trying to alter the genes of already existing products to try to enhance the biocompetitiveness and adaptability of crops by enhancing plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. They are going to try to enhance their growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition. The old way of doing this was through selectiveRead MoreGenetic Engineering And Its Effect On The Good And The Bad2445 Words   |  10 Pagescharacteristics of genetic engineering have substantial behavior towards the good and the bad† (Powell 13). Although we do not recognize the true meaning of this quote at first glance, these words actually posses the key to mankind. Even though genetic engineering supports an exciting opportunity for the humanity, many red flags have been raised related to problems with safety, the availability, and most of all the epidemic itself. It has been portra yed throughout the years that genetic engineering not onlyRead MoreGenetic Engineering And Its Effect On Human Health1996 Words   |  8 Pagesmodified using genetic engineering techniques. In most cases the goal is to introduce a new trait to the plant, which does not occur naturally in the species, for examples in crops and food. Since 1960, there are many introducing genetic engineering in crops production as it can bring a lot of benefits e.g. increasing food production, it is also environmental friendly and it gives high quality production. However, there are also many negative issues related to in genetic engineering such as it canRead MoreCauses and Effects of Genetic Engineering of Animals and Plants675 Words   |  3 Pagescould quite possibly be genetic engineering. Years of crossbreeding various breeds of farm animals have led to many new breeds bearing traits that they would not have otherwise. Researchers have even developed techniques that make it possible to directl y alter the genes of different crops. There are causes and effects of genetic engineering in animals and plants. With the population of Earth growing at a constant rate, food is becoming more and more scarce. While the effects of this are not as pronouncedRead MoreGenetic Engineering And Its Effects On The Human Of The Alien Dna848 Words   |  4 Pagesown, usually from another organism, causing it to both inherit and express the genes of the alien DNA (Weedman, 2015). Transgenic transformation is used for a number of commercial purposes, from food crops to transgenic animals, the rise in genetic engineering has opened up a multitude of doors in the agricultural, as well as health and medical fields. Even the current epidemic with antibiotic resistant bacteria is due in part of this process (Weedman, 2015; Wheeler, Farrand, Widholm, 1991). InRead MoreThe Effects Of Genetic Engineering On The Intelligence Of Humans With Adhd1806 Words   |  8 PagesGattaca, genetic engineering is a familiar theme. Genetic engineering is â€Å"changing the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved organisms (â€Å"Genetic Engineering†). In the article, â€Å"Can You Make Yourself Smarter?† Dan Hurly explores the process of improving the intelligence of humans with ADHD. If it is possible for one to become smarter through N-back tests, what are the possibilities with genetic engineering (Hurly)? Genetic engineeringRead MoreThe Effects Of Genetic Engineering On Our Environment And Economy1511 Words   |  7 PagesOver the past one hundred years or so, scientists have started experimenting with the genetic material of the fruits, vegetables and other such organisms that humans eat. These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are made when, genes from one organism are moved into another to improve or change the characteristics of that organism. The issue on whether farmers and scientists should further experiment with the genetic modification of organisms is a worldwide discussion. Although there are claims that

Earliest Civilization is the Region of Mesopotamia Because...

A civilization is recognized as such by its form of written language. For this reason, the earliest civilization is recognized in the region of Mesopotamia with their language of Cuneiform. This ancient form of written language was inscribed on clay tablets that still remain in tact and are being salvaged hundreds of thousands of years later. Even more impressive than just writing the language, however, is the ancient Babylonians’ early mathematical discoveries. These were also recorded with cuneiform and recorded on clay tablets, and like the language, served as an early interpretation of mathematical principles that influence arithmetic all over the world today. Dating back to the second and third milennia BC, Babylonians were so†¦show more content†¦The Babylonians used pre-calculated tables to assist with arithmetic. Perhaps the most amazing aspect of the Babylonians calculating skills was their construction of tables to aid calculation. Two tablets found at Senke rah on the Euphrates in 1854 date from 2000 BC. They give squares of the numbers up to 59 and cubes of the numbers up to 32. Most frequently Babylonians utilized tables of squares and cubes to simplify multiplication. The concept of reciprocals was also first introduced by the Babylonians. Because they did not have a method for long division, they were able to recognize that using their sexiagesimal system of numbers, numbers with two, three, and five, had finite factors of which tables have been found. For numbers not containing one of the finite factors, the Babylonians used approximation reciprocals. The pre-calculated tables method is also how the Babylonians incorporated algebra in their number system. They were the first people to use the quadratic equation, though not in its exact form. They used the form x2+bx=c which, when solved, can be interpreted as x=-b/2-√(b/2)+c which more closely resembles the modern quadratic equation. Using their arithmetic tables of squares, the Babylonians were able to interpret them in reverse to find square roots. Because everything was a real problem, they always used the positive root when solving. Most commonly squares were used for findingShow MoreRelatedCivilization: Which Aspects Define1491 Words   |  6 PagesAlex Hummel World Civilization 1 Midterm Paper Civilization is a word that cannot be used too loosely. How then, is civilization defined? It is difficult to define in one word or phrase because a complex society or â€Å"civilization† depends on many different aspects. There are characteristics of a civilization that are more essential than others, some of which may be more important to one group than to another. However, a definition for civilization can be narrowed down to a few fundamentalRead MoreThe Sumerian Deities : Religion1634 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper on the Sumerian Deities because Religion has always seemed to be such an interesting topic in my opinion. I find it fascinating to learn how an ancient civilization can build itself from the ground up, establish a form of writing, its own language, and also its own religion. Ancient Mesopotamia was home of some of the world’s earliest cities and the place where writing was first invented. Our knowledge of the civilization of ancient Mesopotami a is constantly expanding. Sumerian writtenRead MoreAncient Civilizations Of Mesopotamia And Mesopotamia1851 Words   |  8 Pages Sumerian (3500-2300BC)Babylonian (1792-1750 BC) both belong to civilizations of Mesopotamia, but they existed different period. The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are the source of the earliest surviving art; these civilizations were situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Dating back to 3500 B.C.E., Mesopotamian art was intended to serve as a way to glorify powerful rulers and their connection to divinity. Art was made from natural resources such as stone, shells, alabasterRead MoreHow Writing Is Important For The Creation Of Organized Societies1564 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough languages have existed long before this great invention, writing offered a superior view in transferring even the most complex information of ideas, beliefs, and concepts from one person to another and to larger groups. The Bronze – Age is where writing first emerged. Pictograms, cuneiform tablets and hieroglyphs are just some of the very first forms of writings. In brief, pic tograms, which later evolved into ideograms, used a pictorial symbol to convey a word or phrase. Cuneiform scriptsRead MoreThe Neolithic Era And The Paleolithic Era2121 Words   |  9 Pagesi. The Paleolithic Era began at the beginning of human life and ended 12 thousand years ago. The era was given the nickname â€Å"The Old Stone Age† because stone was used both in tools and to make tools. One of the most important tools used by humans was the spear. Spears were made for hunting for food and protection from dangerous wildlife. During the Paleolithic Era the climate was much colder than the present. This made food limited so humans had to follow the migration of game. ii. Hunter-gatherersRead MoreHow Did The Invention Of Agriculture Allowed Stable Subsistence Of The Human Population?1939 Words   |  8 PagesBeginning of Bronze Age; Early River Valley Civilizations Along with agriculture, metallurgy helped revolutionize food production. Metal tools were more durable and efficient. The organized operations of mining, smelting, and casting required the specialization of labor and the production of surplus food to support a class of artisans, while the search for raw materials stimulated the exploration and colonization of new territories. 2900 BCE: Cuneiform writing The first writing system in the worldRead MoreWorld History hw essay22316 Words   |  10 PagesHistory to 1500-51337 February 24, 2015 Rise of Civilizations Egypt and Mesopotamia were two civilizations existing during the time period of 2000-1200 BCE. These civilizations were shaped by their environment, involved with trade, and faced changes in government after the 100 year drought; however, they differed in that Egypt was shaped by the Nile, traded goods for goods and changed their outlook on the pharaoh who was ruler of all; whereas, Mesopotamia was shaped by the Tigris and Euphrates, tradedRead MoreThe Law of Hammurabi in Mesopotamia and Babylon815 Words   |  3 PagesHammurabi, King and ruler of Babylon from 1792-1750 B.c at the beginning of his rein, Mesopotamia was divided into many city states, all with their own patterns of shifting rules, but Hammurabi eventually brought the entire region under his control, he collected laws from varied city states, and wrote down a set of codes, that soon governed the entire area (King 56). Hammurabi’s written code allowed lot to be a matter of public knowledge and so help advance the rule of law in society. Babylon’s greatRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a definingRead MoreGeography Of The Fertile Crescent1835 Words   |  8 Pagesflow in the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent, is called the Mesopotamia (Greek for â€Å"land between the rivers†). At least once a year the rivers flooded Mesopotamia, as the water receded it left a thick bed of silt. In this silt farmers could plant and harvest enormous amounts of wheat and barley, and the surpluses this gave allowed for villages to grow. Environmental Changes People started farming and settling in the southern Mesopotamia before 4500 B.C. Around 3500 B.C. the people by the name of

A Beautiful World free essay sample

Seven years ago, I was on plane. The sky was full of darkness, but had speckles of light scattered all over the atmosphere. Looking down, I observed millions of buildings illuminating. I experienced a dropping feeling down in my stomach, and my ears were starting to ache. I pulled out a piece of gum and started chewing; we were about to land! Being in a plane for about twelve hours made me want to escape unless I slept the whole way. Entering the terminal, our family welcomed us. Our family was so excited to see us. When we arrived at their house, I went straight to bed. The next day I was awakened with the aroma of my aunt’s delicious cooking. She prepared eggs, beans with sour cream, fresh bread, fresh tortillas, and tamales! After breakfast my siblings and I climbed the long, cold cemented stairs to the roof, a place where we could examine the beautiful volcanoes in the distance, hundreds of houses all clustered together, markets, and a park. We will write a custom essay sample on A Beautiful World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My aunt lived in the vivacious city. As we were exploring, we heard a sound coming from the house in front of us. We strolled to the front end of the house. Then, four boys about my age approached us, greeted us, and inquired millions of questions. That day my siblings and I played soccer and hide and seek with them. Those four boys became our friends. Guatemala, a beautiful world, provided my family and me with rich cultures.

10 Smart Ways to Market Your Freelance Writing Biz

No matter what season it is or whether theres a holiday coming up, as a freelance writer, you want to make sure that when you step away from the computer, youll still have a presence online. What do I mean by this? Well, for starters, you dont want people to all of a sudden forget about you. Do you want to be the freelance writer who  takes the entire summer off without touching their laptop, updating a social media profile, writing a blog post or connecting with their email subscribers? I hope not. Because if you are, then making a living writing is going to be tough for you. Youre going to have hustle hard, pitch constantly and work your little tail off   to find work once you get back from vacation or finally get your motivation back. But, you know what? There are some easy ways to make your presence felt online every day – whether youre taking the weekend off to go camping or youre super swamped with a huge project that leaves you with  no time to be online. And no, Im not going to tell you that you have to guest post or develop a pitching process or even solidify your brand to stay current and on the radar of prospects. No. the best way to have the illusion of always being online is to have an effective marketing strategy. Eww.. I know. For a lot of us, marketing is an icky word. I mean, were writers, not sales people. Well, my friend, Im sorry to tell you, but if you truly want to be a successful freelance writer – you know the one that can work wherever they want, with whomever they want and whenever they want – youre going to have to make marketing your new BFF. Think of Marketing as a Way to Connect When I think of marketing my services, I sort of think its my way of connecting with others. Its like I have a business card and whenever I see someone online, I hand them my business card. We connect and over time we nurture a relationship. So, even if you pooh-pooh marketing and think its not for you, there are some easy – and smart – ways to market your freelance writing biz. Some of these marketing strategies may take more time than others, while some of these might mean you have to step out of your comfort zone  to see any results. I created a video about these tips if you like watching instead of reading! And I would LOVE it if you subscribed to my YouTube channel! 1. Use an Email Signature One things for sure – when youre a freelance writer youre going to be doing a lot of emailing. I get almost 100 emails a day during the week. Thats freakin a lot! Not all of them are inquiries, but many of them can be potential leads for writing work or to take my course. And an easy way to promote your services is to create an email signature. Heres what mine looks like: Its nothing fancy, but I have all the necessary links and contact information I want to share. For your email signature you can even include things like: A phone number to reach you Your Skype address Your lead magnet or opt-in freebie Your headshot 2. Have Different Places to House Your Portfolio The online world is big and vast so you want to inhabit as much of it as you can  online. And for freelance writers, this means having different places to house  your portfolio. If youre not sure what I mean, a portfolio showcases your work as a writer. Typically, its the best pieces you want to show and its pieces in your niche. There are many different places to have a portfolio, like on your website, on your LinkedIn profile or on a portfolio site like Contently. I say, use all of them! For the longest time I only had my portfolio on my website, but once I started my LinkedIn profile I slowly started updating my resume with all my new client work. I recently also started housing my portfolio on Contently. Whats nice about Contently is that once you upload your samples (you can even upload PDFs) it tracks the social media shares giving prospects a bit of a metric on how engaging your writing is. One other place you can house your portfolio is on Pinterest. I recently removed mine since Im currently sharing my Pinterest profile with two blogs, but a lot of freelance writers are now using Pinterest to market their services. For example, heres Carrie Smiths (from Careful Cents) writing portfolio on Pinterest. The goal is to expose  your work to as many different potential clients as possible. So using platforms like LinkedIn, Contently and Pinterest just helps you reach more people. And the great thing? They are all free to use 🙂 3. Start a Blog I know. Ive been preaching this for ever now – especially to new freelance writers – but having your own blog is one of the best ways to stay current and in the eyes of potential clients. Oh, and its a great way to acquire business. Posting content in your niche shows prospects you know your stuff. For example, I have a blog, Twins Mommy, where I share tips to help moms make money. I get inquiries on this blog for freelance writing. Or, you can use your freelance writing site to  blog about topics you want to get paid to write. This is what a course participant, Heather, did on her freelance writing site. Shes a tech freelance writer and her blog shows her expert knowledge in this industry. This is a built-in way  to always have samples available in your niche. Or, you can go another route like what I did. I just started a blog about freelance writing and blogging. And while its not entirely in my digital marketing niche, it does show how engaging my writing is in terms of capturing visitors and converting them into subscribers (which is what a lot of my clients want my writing to do for them). So no matter what you really blog about, if its highly engaging, well-written, formatted correctly and you promote it strategically on social media, prospects will find you. If you need help setting up your blog for your business, check out my easy tech-free tutorial! It includes a video also! 4. Say Youre For Hire In Your Author Bio One neat trick I started doing early on was saying I was for hire in my author bio. This immediately tells potential clients that Im available and its just a great marketing strategy when youre guest posting. For example, heres my author bio for my guest posts over on Tweak Your Biz. Its not necessary for every author bio, but its best to place for hire on those guest posts that your target clients read. 5. Stay In Your Niche Ahh, your niche. For many new freelance writers this can be a challenging thing to solidify. Once you choose your niche, theres no law saying that you have to stay with that niche. Take the time to discover what you really like to write about and whether or not you can make a living from it. I started with parenting and natural health as my niches, but quickly learned I couldnt really make a profit from writing in those industries. It wasnt until later I started reading about how to market my services that I loved all things about digital marketing. So, once you find your groove and a niche that you love writing in, stay with it. Start to build your portfolio in that niche. Im working on building my digital marketing niche portfolio. For the longest time I either was ghostwriting in this niche or providing content to sites that havent been created yet. Its just recently that I picked up some awesome clients in email marketing and digital marketing. Now, Im able to build my digital marketing portfolio  and am finding that the inquiries that come my way are all in that niche. So, aside from building your authority in your niche, its a great marketing strategy since prospects who are looking for writers will quickly find you (based on your niche). 6. Be Associated With Other Freelance Writers In one of my recent posts I mentioned that a secret to being a well-paid freelance writer is not what you know, its WHO you know. And being associated with other certain freelance writers can help you land a gig. How do I know this? One of my course participants landed a writing gig over on Blogging Wizard (one of my clients). And she was able to do that because she took my course, which, for the client, meant I vouched for her – by proxy. BOOM! 7. Hobnob with Influencers One of the great things about social media is that you can connect with absolutely anyone, even if they are famous or an influencer. And its super easy to. You know how I do it? By commenting on their blogs. Heres my comment on QuickSprout – one of Neil Patels blogs and his response. Then this lead to my reaching out to him on LinkedIn where we messaged each other and eventually I asked him if he would want to contribute to an upcoming Huffington Post of mine. He said sure. Fo realz. Its that easy. So, go ahead and follow influencers in your industry or the blogging industry in general, comment on their blog posts and connect with them! They may hire you or ask you to guest post so get out that and e-meet everyone 🙂 8. Pin Your Ad on Social Media Another thing you can do to market your freelance writing biz is just to pin it on Twitter or Facebook. This means it stays at the top of your feed so that more people wont miss this important information. You can pin a testimonial like I did: @MaraniMichael Thanks for that testimonial! Elna Cain (@ecainwrites) January 23, 2016 Social proof is a big indicator that other people like your services and writing. This can help prospects realize quicker that you would be a good fit for their business. You can also just pin a little ad of your services and site. This is what Lorraine Reguly of Wording Well did: Learn about Wording Well: Freelance #Writing, #Editing, Author Consulting https://t.co/ckplN2n3sJ via @lorrainereguly Lorraine Reguly (@lorrainereguly) March 19, 2016 9. Comment on Blogs You Want to Write For Yes, its that easy. Go to blogs you admire or want to write for and start commenting on their posts. Most blog owners read their comments and will respond to them. This is how I landed my gig over on Blogging Wizard. I left a no-fluff comment and Adam responded back to me. We made a connection. From there I probably shared his content and he took a look at my site and my blog. Heres my Hire Me page and how I send people to my blog: From there he contacted me and he ended up hiring me. 10. Tell A Fellow Freelance Writer You Have a Spot Open Finally, one way to market your biz is to just let another freelance writer know you have a spot open on your content schedule. A lot of established freelance writers often have more work than they can handle. And we are always open to handing work off to other writers who ask. By telling others you need work, work will eventually find its way to you. Its happened to me numerous times and it will happen to you.   What Are You Waiting For? Being a freelance writer is more than knowing how to write. Its being a savvy marketer. But, you dont have to have years of sales experience to promote your services. You just need to know how to do it the smart way. These ten ways will totally help you get the word out that you are a freelance writer looking for work. Over to you – which marketing strategy are you going to try out first? If youre ready to really earn a living from writing, you can get your step-by-step profitable freelance writing blueprint by joining Write Your Way to Your First $1k.   It walks you through the exact action steps you need to take to land clients, tweak your website to increase conversions and get paid to write.

How to avoid email e-rage - Emphasis

How to avoid email e-rage How to avoid email e-rage It will probably come as no surprise to learn that email regularly offends many UK workers. What may come as more of a shock is the news that it upsets only one in three people, according to a recent survey by email-provider GMX. Our own research shows that approximately 1.2 billion people worldwide now use email, making it officially the most time-consuming activity for information workers. So it’s little wonder that a third of us regularly have to pry open clenched fists to type our replies. But these are also the very reasons why we should all try to do a little better by each other. Under the daily pressures of time, it seems to make sense to dash off a dozen words under a generic subject line. The other person should be on the same page as you, right? But how many times has this supposed time-saver ended up in confused emails batting back and forth like an increasingly aggressive table tennis match? After all, just like you, your recipient will almost certainly be dealing with other problems, clients and projects. Its best to assume they do not have an infallible, photographic memory or infinite time to investigate what you’re getting at. If everyone stuck to these guidelines, the world of email would be much more pleasant and productive for everyone: Use the subject line meaningfully. A title like ‘a question’ or ‘training’ won’t mean much. The more specific you are, the more likely you are to jog their memory and to get a response more quickly. Start off with the main event – the crux of your message – not the winding anecdote that led up to it. In other words, put the ‘what’ before the ‘why’. Then, if they only scan half of it, they should still get the point. Keep it as short as possible. The longer and more densely packed the text, the more it’ll put the reader off. Stick to one subject per email. But do add any little details (dates, times, names etc.) that will help them by saving them a search. Be reader-focused and don’t assume they know everything you do. Read your emails as carefully as your time allows. Weve probably all fired back an impatient demand for more information just before realising the detail we needed was buried in there all along. If the subject matter needs real discussion, are you sure email is the best way to communicate? If in doubt, pick up the phone. You can always send a confirmation email afterwards. And, even in the darkest depths of e-rage, remember: the laws of libel apply to email. So take a few deep breaths (or, better still, sleep on it) before you press ‘send’ on something you can’t take back.

Kant's Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics Essay

Kant's Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics - Essay Example For an empiricist, a priori knowledge is impossible because this is beyond experience. However, Kant, an empiricist himself, shows how a priori knowledge is possible. By his definition, a priori which he also terms as analytic, is something that is known not before anything else but in relation to the subject of knowing. Given Kant’s example â€Å"all bodies are extended† where the concept of extension is always related with the concept of bodies is analytic. In contrast with this is the synthetic judgment (by definition of synthesis is adding) and is clearly illustrated in his example â€Å"all bodies have weight† where the concept of weight was observed and was thought of as being added to the concept of bodies. In other words, something known to be innate or built in with the subject of knowing is analytic while something known to be a description of the subject of knowing is synthetic. Synthetic knowledge is also categorized into those arising from experience and those arising from mathematics. As for those from experience, it is obvious that when I experience a cold soda drink, I put the concept of cold, the concept of soda and the concept that the soda can be taken in the liquid form, and together they form the concept of a cold soda drink. This is also similar with mathematics, putting the concept of the number 1 and another number 1, adding them produces the concept of number 2. Since synthetic a priori knowledge is possible, then metaphysics is also possible since this is how metaphysics is to be known. According to Kant, â€Å"space and time†¦ are therefore pure intuitions that lie a priori at the basis of the empirical † (Sect 10). The concept of space and time is different from our conception of cold soda drink or extended bodies where we experience them (see, feel, taste) because unlike bodies and soda drinks that are objects in themselves, time and space are not

Preventing Women from Exercising Equal Rights as Men in the Political Research Paper

Preventing Women from Exercising Equal Rights as Men in the Political Sphere by Olympe de Gouges - Research Paper Example Olympe de Gouges and some contemporary feminists as Theroigne de Mericourt and Etta Palm d'Aelders expressed their concern about this grossly unfair inequality between men and women and over time the voice of Olympe de Gouges became the most consistent, rational, cogent and quite often strident especially while mercilessly conducting autopsy of laws and customs that prevented women from exercising equal rights as men in the political sphere. However, it was not until 1791 when she published â€Å"The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen† that de Gouges dared to challenge openly the preconceived and ingrained notion among both the ruling class and the scientists that women were not only intellectually but also physically incapable of seriously exercising their intellect or make rational decisions. But, she was not so strident and rigidly feminist right from the early stages of her life. The very thing that once made Olympe an object of scorn, namely the sea mlessness of her way of living, her dramatic work, and her social convictions, the absence of any contradiction in her between thought and action, is precisely what most impresses us today. It was not possible for an unknown, widowed woman born of illiterate parents, raised in the provinces far from Paris, with no formal education and little means, to be able to master the language and also the art of persuasive and forceful argumentative writing. Olympe was no co-opted, no compromiser; rather, she was a forerunner, and one endowed with the sort of courage that can smash every form of dictatorship.

Advantages and disadvantages of increasing interdependence and interconnectedness

Advantages and disadvantages of increasing interdependence and interconnectedness Since the 1970s the globalisation of finance has made the economic fortunes of states increasingly interdependent. Until relatively recently international finance was still considered principally to be an adjunct to trade (McGrew, 2007), a necessary mechanism that enabled the exchange of goods and services at the international level. Its phenomenal growth over the past few decades has shattered this perception. Today the global economy is characterised by the sheer volume and velocity of international financial transactions. Average daily turnover on traditional foreign exchange markets increased from $15bn in 1973 (Gilpin, 2001) to $3.2tr in April 2007 (BIS, Sep 2007). While the successes of financial liberalisation include lifting millions out of poverty in China, East Asia, and elsewhere, and improving the developing worlds access to markets, its failures have also been stark. Various crises of the 1990s showed that problems in one country or even a particular industry can fast become global. The recent financial crisis of 2007 has again generated discussion at the normative and theoretical level about the contemporary global financial architecture, its widely perceived benefits, and its increasingly evident costs. The increasing significance of the global financial system over the past two decades has been mirrored by a surge of interest from the academic field of international political economy. Its effects are now so far-reaching that commentators have drawn connections between international financial integration and such diverse developments as social turbulence in East Asia, monetary union in Europe, and failed development strategies in Latin America (Pauly, 2005). Most of this literature, however, tends to focus on specific aspects of financial globalisation, such as its implications for national economic policy or the power of transnational corporations (TNCs). This essay intends to broaden the debate, to demonstrate the apparent paradox of international financial integration while it has made states, economies, firms and individuals more intimately interconnected than ever before, it is an inherently divergent process. It will argue that the international financial system is increasingly producing a global dichotomy. The benefits of financial integration, in the main, accrue to capital-rich states and the owners of capital, those free to move their resources around the world to seek the highest returns. Developing states, and those without control of capital resources, while receiving less of the advantages of integration, are more adversely affected by its disadvantages, such as contagion and capital flight. The first section will discuss the evolution of the contemporary global financial system, and how it came to be in its current form. I will argue that advanced industrial states, following a neo-liberal paradigm of liberalisation, facilitated the deregulation and increased interdependence of the financial system through political actions. However, it has been technological and market innovation that has accelerated and expanded this interconnectedness to an unprecedented level. These origins are key to understanding why capital-rich entities are better equipped to reap the benefits of financial integration. The next two sections will put forward the principle advantages and disadvantages of this integration. The following section will provide an analysis of these, contending that the capital-poor gain less of the former, and are more exposed to the latter. The concluding section will summarise this argument and touch on its implications for the future of the global economy while glo balisation promises universal benefits, these cannot be realised under the current system, which precipitates a global dichotomy between the capital-rich and the capital-poor. Origins of the contemporary global financial system As Benjamin Cohen (1996) suggests, little consensus exists concerning the causes of financial globalisation, and many scholars have attempted to apply their own structure to the study. The critical contribution to the debate comes from Eric Helleiner (1994), who persuasively argues that the globalisation of finance was advanced by the political decisions of major states. Helleiner also, however, neglects the exponential effect that technological and market innovations have had on the financial system, a factor considered key by others such as Cerny (1993) and Strange (1998). Political actions by leading states have enabled the globalisation of finance since the 1970s. By far the most significant was the abolition of capital controls, firstly by the USA and the UK, and then other major economies. As Goodman and Pauly (2000) suggest, liberalisation became and continues to be a competitive practice, and other countries had to react to prevent mobile domestic capital and financial business from migrating abroad. By the 1990s an almost fully liberal pattern of financial relations had emerged and today market actors experience freedom in cross-border activity unparalleled since the 1920s (Helleiner, 2007). International capital mobility is the most significant, and defining, characteristic of the global financial system. It has created many of the advantages and disadvantages associated with integration, and has also been instrumental in creating and sustaining the global dichotomy. The embracing of a new neo-liberal economic ideology among the major economic powers in the 1980s was key for the international financial system, which was given a large boost by plans to remove the state from the economy and allow the market mechanism to work (Soros, 1998). This theory was less sympathetic to the Bretton Woods ideal that national policy autonomy had to be protected, and was content to let the markets impose an external discipline on governments pursuing not sound policies (Helleiner, 2007). Financial liberalisation has been successfully institutionalised as a component of several multilateral agreements (Eichengreen, 2003). As early as 1976 the USA successfully lobbied for a change to the International Monetary Funds Articles of Agreement so that the new official goal of the Fund was to preside over a regime that facilitated the free exchange of capital between countries (Watson, 2007). This regime, however, has been deepened and broadened to an unprecedented extent by technological and market innovations. The volatility of prices and exchange rates in the 1970s led to phenomenal growth in the derivatives market, particularly after the emergence of an over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market in the 1990s. In 1990 OTC contracts totalled $3.45bn, which had risen to $18tr in 1995 and $24tr by 1996 (Strange, 1998). These new financial instruments involved an initial outlay only a fraction of the notional value of the contract, giving banks and other TNCs the means at relatively low cost to hedge themselves against losses from unpredicted changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodities. Huge advances in computing and telecommunications over the last thirty years have been central to the huge volume and velocity of international financial flows (Held et al., 1999). Before the 1990s only data could be exchanged instantly between corporate offices and banks. The rise of the Internet meant opinions and rumours could also be traded, contributing to dangerous fluctuations but increasing interdependency. International banks and firms transfer huge amounts of money quickly and safely due to automatic clearing systems. In 1995 the USAs Clearing House Interbank Payment System (CHIPS) became the largest international clearing system processing some 200,000 transactions a day (Strange, 1998). Today CHIPS, and its state-run competitor Fedwire, clear an average daily value of $1.5tr (CHIPS, 2010) and $2.5tr (Fedwire, 2009) respectively. The root causes of the globalisation of finance are crucial to the understanding of its advantages and disadvantages, as it is evident that major states initiated the process because of the benefits it promised to them and to the rest of the world. It is also clear that innovation in both technology and markets has accelerated the process, making the benefits more pronounced for those involved, while also increasing the potential costs. The advantages of integration The advantages of increased interdependence and the expansion of the global financial system are often championed by international institutions, politicians and international business leaders. At a fundamental level, the benefits cited are backed up by economic theory, that which is at the heart of the neo-liberal paradigm of international finance advocated by many of the worlds economies. It holds that markets allocate resources in socially desirable ways. Flows from capital-abundant to capital-scarce countries, on the assumption that the marginal product of capital is higher in the latter than the former, increase welfare on both sides (Eichengreen Mussa, 1998). International financial transactions allow economies experiencing business-cycle disturbances to smooth the time profile of consumption and investment. Free capital movements thus facilitate a more efficient global allocation of savings and resources to their most productive uses. An advantage of the expansion of the financial system advocated by the global financial institutions is the convergence of national policies. The neo-liberal programme holds as desirable the homogenisation of national policy across state boundaries. The freedom of capital is said to have enabled the European Unions single currency, tax harmonisation across national borders and the international convergence of macroeconomic policy (Frieden, 1991). This, the argument goes, is good for eradicating instability in the global financial system. The incentive for resources to evade controls and regulations is lessened if national regulations are homogenised. The problem with this argument, however, is that capital mobility breeds a competitive environment between emerging economies for investment, which will be discussed below. Some international firms now command more resources than many states (OBrien, 2005). For these firms, the development of the contemporary global financial system has brought two huge distinct advantages: higher returns on their investments, and the ability to diversify risk internationally. Higher returns have been produced by two factors the inherent volatility of the system, and the greater opportunity to exploit it. Firstly, the inherent volatility and uncertainty of the financial system leads to higher returns for investors. Firms are able to trade on the volatile prices of currencies and commodities. With vast capital resources huge sums can be made very quickly with even small fluctuations on international capital markets. The best example of how capitalists gain from this volatility is the benefit that many manage to take from the systems crises. Currency trader George Soros is alleged to have made  £1bn from the devaluation of the British Sterling in 1992. Private companies are also said to have benefitted from the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Stiglitz (2002) argues that the intervention of the IMF, a Western-backed institution, ensured that Western firms were paid back their loans, while numerous national firms in Asia were left to collapse. Most of the $ 55bn the Mexican government owed following its 1994 crisis was to private creditors (OBrien Williams, 2007). The nature of the financial system means that investors can pull money out of a currency virtually instantaneously, and move back in after a collapse making a handsome profit. This leads to self-fulfilling prophecies of currency speculation, discussed below, but the investors are protected from most of the risk involved, whereas the economies concerned can suffer decline for years. Secondly, with the opening of countries capital markets, the opportunity for investment has increased substantially. Banks, hedge funds, and international manufacturing firms have all benefitted from having a much larger global market to do business in. With the ease of transferring financial resources to emerging markets and new host states, TNCs have access to a mass global pool of cheap labour. This capital mobility means governments all over the world have to provide more attractive conditions for companies, from low capital gains tax to relaxed financial and labour regulation (Frieden, 1991). Emerging economies, deemed to be high risk, must offer attractive interest rates to attract investment. There is constant competition between economies for foreign direct investment with which to finance development, meaning better and better business environments for investors. The key advantage for the capital-rich entities is that while gaining from the volatility and uncertainty of the system, they can also protect themselves against it. Modern financial markets operate to allow risks to be packaged and redistributed so that actors can hedge against specific risks like exchange rate fluctuations (Held et al., 1999). High-risk investments yield high returns, but if these investments do not yield, investors are protected by the profits from investments elsewhere. Market innovations such as options, futures and swaps even help protect investors from future fluctuations. There are also huge advantages associated with the development of the global financial system for less-developed countries (LDCs). The economies of East Asia, China, India and others have shown what can be achieved utilising international investment. Millions have been lifted out of poverty, economies transformed to industrial powers, and their national firms compete at the global level. These developments have been enabled by the crucial advantage of interdependence to smaller economies, access to financial markets. The opening of financial markets, as Jeffrey Frieden (1991) suggests, has strengthened labour-intensive industries, in which developing economies have a distinct advantage, through increased investment. The ease of transferring capital across national borders has increased the use of outsourcing and facilitated an explosion of FDI in the 1990s to areas like East Asia and Latin America, providing a huge boost to industries in the recipient countries. Access to financial markets also means that the governments of smaller economies can borrow to fund their development. Borrowing allows such economies to hold their currencies at preferred rates to suppress inflation and keep up debt repayments without inflicting a huge recession at home (Green, 2003). The remarkable development of the East Asian economies would not have been possible without huge inflows of capital, both in FDI and government borrowing to fund economic development strategies. The disadvantages of integration While the advantages of greater financial integration mentioned above have helped many less-developed countries expand their industries and grow their economies, their progress has been beset by financial crises, most notably in the 1990s. These crises were notable because they happened in very similar circumstances in completely different parts of the world, and spread across national boundaries and even to different regions. Contagion of financial crises is the most serious disadvantage of increased interdependence. This effect was most obviously witnessed in the late 1990s, where integration turned a currency crisis in Thailand into the Asian crisis, and turned the Asian crisis into a global recession. Thailands devaluation made Thai exports very cheap, meaning other economies selling very similar exports to the same markets were forced to devalue in order to protect demand. The crash in Asia precipitated crashes in Russia, Brazil and Argentina. As Jones (2000) explains, the contagious effects of Asia were threefold: psychological upon investors, the collapse of regional markets for Southeast Asian exports, and upon other world markets as demand collapsed. This demonstrates a key point, that due to the nature of their economies, developing countries bear much more of the cost of crises because of capital flight. As crisis spreads, investors begin to question the wisdom of their investments in, and the reliability of, other emerging market economies. Due to the Asian crisis capital was withdrawn en masse as traders sold the currencies of Russia, Brazil and Argentina for safer currencies in Western Europe, and the dollar. Capital flight also devastated the Mexican economy in 1994-5. From 1990 to 1993 $91bn flowed into Mexico, a fifth of all capital going to developing states (OBrien Williams, 2007). Higher interest rates in the USA, combined with a rebellion in Chiapas and the assassination of a presidential candidate, caused investors to doubt that Mexico could keep its peso fixed to the dollar. In December 1994 investors sold the peso in such large quantities that the dollar link was abandoned. Living standards were cut in half (OBrie n Williams, 2007), the poor suffered, and the middle class faced skyrocketing interest rates and diminished savings due to the devaluation. Some claim that these disadvantages, and their specific effect on LDCs, are not given proper consideration by advanced states and their neo-liberal programme of reform. As Barry Eichengreen (2003) attests, LDCs have specific financial problems. Their monetary and fiscal institutions lack credibility. Their regulators lack administrative capacity. Their financial markets are shallow, and they cannot borrow abroad in the domestic currency. Stiglitz (2002) protested against the liberalisation agenda being pushed too quickly on smaller states lacking proper financial institutions and banking systems, countries like Mexico and Argentina, which saw precipitous and blanket financial liberalisation (Phillips, 2005). It is now widely accepted that reform was too rapid, and the result of neo-liberal reform in Latin America has been a pattern of poor economic performance and increasing political tension. This lends weight to the argument that capital-rich states have much more to gain from the growth of the global financial system. What is important for the conclusions of this essay, however, is that it cannot simply be said that the advantages accrue to rich states and the disadvantages to the poor, as rich states, and their firms and individuals, suffer disadvantages from integration also. Advanced states, of course, also suffer from the effects of crisis and contagion. This has been evident from the fallout of the 2007 global crisis, but due to integration it is now increasingly difficult for all economies to insulate themselves against the effects of recession. Crisis in one area of the global economy means falling demand for goods and services in others, and with the scope of international firms, and the vast number of countries in which single firms do business means that collapses have far-reaching consequences. However, the biggest disadvantage in terms of advanced states is felt by their national industries and firms, those unable to shift production to areas of cheaper labour and production costs. National firms are becoming increasingly unable to compete with firms either in countries with such conditions, or international firms able to conduct business there. This is bad news for the industrial workers of advanced economies, who today can be easily replaced by cheaper counterparts around the globe. Implications the emerging global dichotomy These advantages and disadvantages show that there is a global dichotomy emerging. The principle beneficiaries of the integration brought about by the globalisation of finance are the controllers of capital, those able to move their resources freely around the global economy for the highest return and security. The principle losers are the capital-poor, whether labour or those with assets tied within national boundaries. While China has been one of the biggest beneficiaries economically from financial globalisation, its rising inequality shows that its poorest people, like many others around the world, remain subject to, rather than participants in, the global economy. The advantages and disadvantages discussed above demonstrate two critical characteristics of the global financial system. First, as internationally mobile capital has become more powerful, so have the holders of it in relation to other groups. The argument that capital now holds a structural power within the system has been advanced by scholars such as Gill and Law (1989), and Thomas and Sinclair (2002). The latter study argues that today the expectations of the resource-rich are anticipated by the resource-poor. In the modern system knowledge workers are fortunate, as they can move to wherever they command the highest salary. Others are manufacturing workers facing fierce competition from counterparts in numerous countries, and still others are subsistence workers trying to survive in a system moving towards broader commercialisation in areas like agriculture. This effect has been compounded by the tertiarisation of global economic activity (Phillips, 2005) brought about by financia l globalisation. There is a growing movement towards production and trade of services rather than goods, which produces a divergence between entities that can compete in the service sector and those that cannot. Second, the leadership role of the most economically powerful states, and the nature of the financial system they have created, has rendered alternative policies imprudent. Susan Stranges (1986) casino has many reluctant players. Capital mobility means sustainable macroeconomic policy options available to states are systematically circumscribed (Andrews, 1994); integration has raised the costs of pursuing policies that diverge from regional or international trends. The fact, as discussed, that there is so much to gain for investors means there is the same amount to lose for countries following policies detrimental to their profits, such as running budget deficits to fund welfare policies. The global financial system has been directed by an ideology of liberalisation since the 1970s, and the benefits for the capital-rich, the majority of those that lead the modern system, are too great for the direction to change. This could be the reason for the difference between the development of global trade and finance. Financial liberalisation has incredible advantages for capital-rich states, while with open trade LDCs have the advantages of cheap labour and export-led strategies. Advanced states have continued to protect their national industries with degrees of protectionism. While it is an extreme claim that rich states preserve the system because of the dichotomy this essay presents, the evidence is certainly that the major economies still believe whole-heartedly in the theory of globalisation, that its benefits justify this cost. The recent financial crisis has demonstrated that major states, particularly the USA and the UK, are willing to prop up a system that has shown significant disadvantages in contagion and volatility. This has been a stark example of the asymmetry between the capital-rich and the capital-poor in the event of crisis traders and investors regroup and take their capital to the safest location in order to resume the pursuit of high returns, while taxpayers and workers face austerity measures and unemployment as investment decreases. While the benefits for the developing world have been massive, these benefits are only received by integrating into a system whose disadvantages effect it in a disproportionate way, and which produces a dichotomy, the wrong side of which many of its people will remain. The economic theory behind globalisation still favours trickle-down development rather than bottom-up. The benefits cited by its chief proponents, such as the growth of LDC economies and global economic stability, are no doubt desirable, but they will require a truly global system with truly global markets, neither of which has yet been achieved. In the decades it will take for the global economy to become truly global and precipitate universal benefits, the gap between the capital-rich and capital-poor will continue to grow. Conclusions The global financial system has been heading in a single direction since the 1970s, towards liberalisation and the greater interdependence and interconnectedness of economies, firms and individuals around the globe. This direction was facilitated by the advanced industrial nations through political actions to free international capital, and expand and open global financial markets. Innovations in computing and telecommunications, as well as market innovations, have contributed heavily to the volume and velocity of international capital flows exploiting the volatility and uncertainty of the system. The emerging strategic interests of the USA, the UK, and later Japan, led them to promote a more open international financial order (Helleiner, 1994). The major economies interests still lie in this order, and thus they promote its advantages and push its neo-liberal agenda through international financial institutions and multilateral agreements. This enthusiasm is an indication that the advanced states, and the capital-rich firms and individuals that call them home, have much to gain from financial globalisation, but they also believe in the benefits the neo-liberal programme promises to all. The problem is that the universal benefits of financial globalisation will only fully materialise under the conditions of a truly global economy, with many more participants than there are currently. It is possible that as markets continue to expand to become truly global, more universal benefits will be seen, but the global dichotomy is likely to grow faster than financial markets and access to them. The challenge for the world economy as it moves forward is how to deal with the social aspect of this expansion.

Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay -- Death Salesman Arthur Mill

Death of Salesman by Arthur Miller The Requiem seems to simply conclude the play at the funeral and let us see the other character's view of events with some retrospect. However, with closer scrutiny, we see that old issues and resentments are still very prevalent. The Requiem can be split into two halves. The first half sees Charley, Biff, Linda and Happy over Willy's grave. Each character is unique in their perspective at this point, reflecting Willy's own change of perspective towards the end of play and reminding us of several themes in the text. Happy still clings to the memory of Willy Loman as the successful salesman and general good man. Indeed, he holds this view with some ferocity. He tries to stop Biff being negative about his father (the stage directions include 'almost ready to fight Biff infuriated') and his last words are ones of defiance: 'I'm gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vein this is where I'm gonna win it for him' This seems rather absurd to the reader as it is clear now that the American Dream for the Loman family is just that- a dream. The spectacular failure of his father and the collapse of the family show that the dogmatic pursuit of success is fruitless and even dangerous. 'Happy' is a very apt name for the son who tries to be happy and show a brave face even when things have collapsed around him. Other examples of this include Happy rallying Biff both when they talk about setting up business together and when Happy tries to make Biff attract women at the restaurant in Scene 2. Happy also represents the side of Willy that he was most used to (Happy, unlike Biff, lived with Willy day to day and so was more indoctrinated to the lies and... ...wife. Instead of seeing the inevitable, as Charley does, or being somehow released like Biff, she can only see things in terms of money and time, like Willy used to obsess over- 'He even finished with the dentist'. The second half of the Requiem is dedicated to Linda. It is quite hard to understand. She says that she 'can't cry' but then seconds later she is 'sobbing more fully'. Why is this? Maybe telling her true feelings to Willy instead of suppressing them like when he was alive releases her, but she keeps repeating 'we're free'. As she whispers this she seems to be on a higher plane and connecting with Willy. This, however, is open to interpretation and all we can safely say is that the Requiem releases the pressure that was mounting in the Loman household in possibly the only way it could; with the realisation of the failure of the American Dream.

Organizational Culture and Strategic Human Resource Management Essay

Organizational Culture and Strategic Human Resource Management Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Different scholars have given the term culture different meanings according to the context in which it is applied. People have different cultures from their area of origin, but organizations tend to have almost similar cultures governing the relationship between the employer and employees or among the employees themselves. Carla defined culture as interactions, behavior patterns affective understanding and cognitive constructs which are acquired through the socialization process. These patterns are used in distinguishing members of different cultures through the way they behave. Lederach (1985) stated that culture refers to shared schemes and knowledge obtained from a set of people through interpreting, perceiving, responding and expressing social realities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consequently, Organizational culture refers to how people from a given organization are required to behave concerning their employment and their code of behavior concerning the operations and activities carried out in any given organization. These codes give employees a sense of belonging or identity, appointing and aligning a common view which enables them to act according to such cultures (Bates, Amundson, Schroeder, & Morris, 2010: p. 1565). Different organizations have different ways of maintaining organizational cultures. Most of the companies adopt an impressive rate of retaining employees with a high level of satisfaction as a way of maintaining strong cultures in the workplace. These are important towards the success of the business as well behaved and motivated employees are more productive compared to those who are non-motivated in a given organization. These strong organizational cultures can be maintained through the following ways:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsive to the needs of an employee; despite the company catering for the pension schemes and the salary of the employees, it is also required to respond to other interests of the employees such as; lifestyle benefits, healthy, working conditions, leisure and the study days. This motivates the employee to maintain good standards of behavior and in turn increases their output.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ongoing development; this comprises of the developments that are carried out in the business organization such having talents day mentoring schemes, which offers training to employees on how they can improve their services. This makes the employees feel that their future is being invested in and that the company is supporting their professional and personal growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social calendar; this involves a well balanced social interaction regarding business activities, which creates a good morale. It involves social healthy and social events, which are carried outside the office setting, which creates an inter-team bonding and a buoyant atmosphere which is a form of motivation to the employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Honest feedback and openness; employers are required to create an environment that brings an open culture which makes employees in every stage share their suggestions, ideas and concerns. When strategies of a well structured feedback are put in place, business owners can as well monitor the levels of employees’ satisfaction and be able to alleviate any arising issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Innovative approach; this comprises of the ways a business conducts its activities and the ways it relates with the members of staff. The company should strive to portray good examples and allow its employees to attend industrial events. This makes sure that they become updated with the c trends and advance in their area of work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Committed leadership; leadership is a very essential component in any given organization; this should involve all team members especially those in the management sector. Company culture can only be maintained through having committed, clear and inclusive leadership where all members are represented. Importance of Maintaining Organizational Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The recent past, there has developed a high concern on how businesses have chosen to carry out their daily operations. The culture of an organization in the leadership concept has become a major component used by leaders to come up with a dynamic organization. Leaders do ignite the process of culture formation through imposing expectations and assumptions on their subjects or followers. Schein (2011: p. 370) stated that as companies stabilize due to their success of completing its primary tasks, assumptions of leaders becomes shared which facilitates the socialization process of new members. This result to the success of the organizational leaders’ consistency, giving clear signals regarding their priorities, believes and values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When ethical cultures are promoted through leadership, leaders become successful which facilitates organizational growth, maintains good services that the society demands, ability to solve issues before they end up becoming serious disasters and become competitive against their rivals. Schein (2011: p.374) also discovered that corporate cultures are very important on matters concerning decision making in the organization. He stated that if decisions are made without considering the forces of the operative culture, it may result to undesirable and unanticipated consequences. This is due to complex issues confronting leaders when deciding on the best method of generating the achievements of the organization when faced with complex environments. Their success will depend on the understanding, and the knowledge leaders have concerned the organizational culture. This makes them predict the results of their decisions by preventing anticipated re percussions. Arguably, an organization that maintains such strong culture can also realize the following benefits. Enhanced corporation and mutual trust Development of an informal control system within the organization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assisting workers in modifying their behaviors through providing behaviors, which are justified Schein (2011: p.373) also characterized the culture of an organization in three levels. The first level consisted of artifacts and behavior levels which are most visible as they are always around us. Such an observable cultural level consist of an outward manifestations behavior patterns of culture which can be seen in the physical layout of dress codes, work environments, levels of technology, behaviors and attitudes of people. The second level comprised of the organizational values that determine behavior and are unobservable which are different from the artifacts and physical behaviors. They give the difference between operating values and the stated values such valuing customers and qualities. Operating value refers to actual manifestation of true values in force. Schein (2011: p.373) emphasized that for better understanding of culture one h as to get the deeper level of beliefs and assumptions. The relevance of culture is the learned beliefs, values and assumptions which are taken for granted and shared as the company becomes successful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most challenging issue concerning the organizational culture is whether they can be changed. Some of these cultures are maintained, created and transformed by leaders or the people. Hartman (2006) stated that culture comprises of laws, history, language as well as systems and rules, informal and formal practices, rituals and beliefs. However, ethics of an organization operates on the whole moral culture of the business organization. Schein (2009: p.109) recommended the following five embedding primary mechanism which can be used by leaders as major tools to teach the organizations they lead on how to think, perceive, behave and feel from their own unconscious and conscious convictions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaders’ attention on a regular basis control and measures: organizational leaders and founders communicate their beliefs, values and priorities based on where they are paying their attention. Their overtime measure and emphasizes can lead to a greater effect on the culture of the organization. Schein (2009: p.110) stated that such a process ends up becoming a powerful way of delivering a message especially when the leaders portray a total consistent to their behavior. These leaders consistency is the one that sends a message showing their priorities, beliefs and values which is high importance rather than the actions’ intensity. Northouse (2008: p.370) argued that every leader should have an agenda, proposals, a series of beliefs; values issues and ideas which they desire to discuss which has significant effects on the values the organization exhibits. Schein (2009: p.112) stated that leaders can apply both negative and posi tive signals as tools of capturing the subordinates’ attention on important issues concerning the organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaders’ reactions towards organizational crises and critical incidents: all organizations are bound to experience crises which are known to draw every ones attention in such an incidence. The way leaders react to such crises; it gives more information concerning the values, culture and norms of the organization (Pacanowsky & Trujillo, 2013: p.130)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schein ((2009: p.113) quoted that if an organization is confronted with crises, the way leaders and other shareholders deals with such a situation, it creates values, new norms, working procedures and reveals underlying assumptions, which are important. Crises generate emotional involvement and attention to those related to the organization mostly if such crises threaten the existence of the organization. When the organizations assumptions are exposed in such an incidence, the potential is increased to either reinforce the current culture or make a change on such current culture. In such situations, leaders may influence the culture of the organization so as to support ethical behaviors and strong morals which reinforces creation of new values in the organization. Such situations give the leaders an opportunity to coach, teach and mentor their followers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How resources are allocated by leaders, status and rewards: organizations are required to prepare a budget which is a basic tool used in resource allocation of the company, this allocation reveals the leaders beliefs and assumptions. If the allocation of resources is balanced, it improves the efficiency of the operations, creates consumer satisfaction and increases the values of the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deliberate teaching, role modeling and coaching: when a leader becomes a good role model by showing personal examples, it sends a very beneficial and a powerful message to the organizational members mostly for consistent and ethical actions. Schein (2011: p.272) stated that a subordinate derives their personal ethics from what they perceive or observe as ethical standards practiced by the leaders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How leaders select, recruit, excommunicate and promote: this gives a significant way through which leaders can transform the culture of the organization and their assumptions through selecting, promoting and retaining people business organization. Schein (2009: p.115) stated that leaders and organizational founders establish unconscious culture in the organization through advancing and hiring anyone, whom they thought has such values they desire and eliminate the undesirable ones. If the corporate culture of the business organization is corrupt, people in the organization tend to ignore the right things and engage in activities which are unethical along their ways of operations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SHRM on the other hand refers to the intentions and plans of the organization on how it should achieve its goals through people. It is a process which comprises of three propositions: the first one indicates that competitive advantage has a major source which is human capital; secondly, it indicates that the organization strategic plan is implemented by people. Finally, is that the organization should adopt a systematic approach that defines where the company wants to go, and the ways it should do to get there. These strategies of HRM define the plans and intentions associated to organizational overall considerations such as its effectiveness and more precise aspects related to people management, which involves resourcing, employee relations and rewards, learning and development. It addresses organizational issues in a broader perspective which are associated to changes in culture and structure, organizational performance and its effective ness, matching resources concerning future requirement, and management of change. Its main aim is to develop capability processes, which ensures things, are done effectively. Aims of adopting SHRM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rationale of SHRM is to bring an agreement and understanding based on developing an approach of people management in the long-term. Boswell (2010: p. 1489) suggested that SHRM is meant to achieve competitive advantage using HRM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It provides a perspective on how to address success factors or critical issues related to people, strategic decisions made which have a long term and a major impact on the organizational success and behavior. Its fundamental aim is to come up with strategic capability by making sure that the business has a skilled, well motivated and committed employee which brings competitive advantage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The objective of SHRM is providing a sense of direction always in a tabulated environment in order to ensure the company needs and the employees collective needs are met through implementation and development of coherent and practical programs and policies of human resource. Holder and Dyer (2008: p.66) stated that the aims of SHRM should be to provide a unifying framework which is integrative, broad and based on contingency. Storey, Wright, & Ulrich, 2009: p. 108) termed the aims of SHRM that they should emphasize on aspects of human relations of people management, communication, emphasizing continuous development, involvement, working life quality, security of employment and balance of work-life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should attempt to have an achievement of balancing both the soft and hard elements. Almost every organization strives to achieve its objectives and must ensure that the required resources needed to achieve such objectives they are used efficiently. Quinn (2013: p. 96) stated that when the management is taking an extensive planning, they should consider the people in mind, take an account of the aspirations and the needs of all the organizational members in the soft concept of SHRM. Importance of having SHRM in an organization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In most cases, the importance of SHRM in a business organization becomes hard to overemphasize them because human beings act as the driving forces in any business organization. This calls for the organization to have strategies of implementing a well-thought out and well planned SHR ideas (Kang & Kim, 2011: p. 390). This will facilitate coordination and having a proper channel of human capital to ensure increased productivity (Kane, 2006: p. 190). Better strategies on human resources, which are solid, allow the business organization to develop a good relationship with the organizational workers, and have peaceful coexistence and mutual benefits from the host community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A well and properly implemented a plan on SHRM helps the organization to attain its goals through the employees performing their necessary duties which are geared towards achieving such goals. In such a situation, the benefits of SHRM are seen since departments of human resources identify key areas in the organization which requires manpower (Sarros, Cooper & Santora, 2008: p.150)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These departments are also required to carry out key steps on matters of recruiting ideal candidates who can fill vacancies and helps the organization to achieve its short-term, long-term goals and its vision. Strategic approaches to HRM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approach based on resources: Barney (2011: p.46) indicated that aims of based resource approach are developing the capability of achieving the fit between opportunities, resources and obtaining value addition from well deployment of resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategic fit: strategies of human resource should have an integral part that contains strategies of the business which contributes in the planning processes of the business as they are carried out. Integration is a necessary concept in a business as it gives the congruence between strategies of human resource and the business itself when done vertically (Barney, 2011: p.48). The aim of carrying out both horizontal and vertical integration in a business is to ensure a coherent approach is achieved as far as management of people is concerned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management at high-performance: this management aims at making an effect on the firm’s performance through its people in areas such as quality, productivity, levels of consumer services, profits, growth and delivery of improved shareholders value. This management carries out practices such as selection procedures and vigorous recruitment, relevant training and extensive management, development activities and process of management performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Few years ago, researchers and professionals have been focusing on whether corporate culture has any effect on the company performance and its effectiveness. Kanter (2013: p.22) in his book Managing Knowledge Workers Unleashing Innovation and Productivity demonstrated that companies with better SHRM outperformed those with less progressive practices. In illustrating the link between organizational culture and its effectiveness, the proposition focuses on four major traits of culture which needs to be examined in order to get the clear link between the two. Such traits are; involvement, adaptability, consistency and mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consistency and involvement are mainly focused on the internal composition of the organization and its mission. Mission and adaptability on the other hand focuses on how external factors of the environment and the organization are collated. Research has proposed that the culture of an organization has to be strong, and give strategic competitive benefits and its values and believes have to be firmly held and widely shared (Koch & McGrath, 2010: p.340). This proposal is only meant if the purpose of the corporate culture is to improve its effectiveness and the overall performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although previous reviews and studies show that SHRM has become general probably with respect to performance and HRM, it has been mainly limited to the relationship between organizational performance and HR practices (Vijayasiri, 2010: p.48). Strategic HRM accepts functions of HR as a strategic important partner when formulating the strategies of the company and their implementation through practices of HR. Deley (2009: p.38) adopted a perspective view based on resources which emphasized on acquiring competitive benefits through the means of utilizing organizational resources through employees. Through the research for SHRM of organizational effectiveness, the following areas were used to determine whether such strategies are successful:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Outcomes on human resource, which made an evaluation concerning the behaviors of the workforce/ employees;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Outcomes of the organization which are based on quality, productivity and services;Outcomes on financial accounting related to profitability and investment returns;Outcomes on capital market for public organizations that are, shareholders returns and stock value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, strategic HRM is a very important factor to be mentioned despite whether there is a significant research done or not. There is supportive evidence which shows that there is a strong link between effectiveness and culture. SHRM fully depends on the organizational culture for its successful implementation (Denison, & Mishra, 2013: p. 214). Valuation of styles and viewpoints and development of ways which are concrete facilitates learning in the organization from differences which shows high benefits obtained when organizational structure, processes and procedures are maximized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusively, research has been done which shows how national cultures are diversified and how they influence the behaviors of the employees, this inspires optimism on the emerging perspectives related to SHRM practices and culture (Siddique, 2013: p.230). Globally, there is a lot of research that is carried out on how organizations allocate resources, make decisions, manage, negotiate and motivate employees, develop and train their employees (Linn, 2008: p. 90). These researches reveal that culture is one of the most important determinants of the organizational behavior. 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